In this chapter learners meet the reactions of the not-metals, carbon and sulfur [Note: the internationally accepted spelling is now 'sulfur', non 'sulphur',] with oxygen. One time again, the translation between word equation, flick equation and chemic equation is reinforced with exercises and examples.
There are no demonstrations prescribed by CAPS for this chapter, only we have included colourful photographs to provide learners with some experience of the splendour of these reactions. Since chemic reactions tin seem quite abstract to learners and learning virtually them in isolation may seem to them as if it lacks relevance, we have also attempted to provide some existent-globe context to the examples in this chapter.
At the end of the chapter a few additional non-metals and their reactions with oxygen accept been included as enrichment. You may choose to omit these, but they exercise highlight an important point, namely that not all not-metals course non-metal dioxides when they react with oxygen. Since both key examples of this chapter event in non-metallic dioxides (viz. CO2 and SOii), ane should be mindful of the possible introduction of a misconception in this regard.
4.ane The full general reaction of non-metals with oxygen (0.5 hours)
4.2 The reaction of carbon with oxygen (1 hour)
Tasks
Skills
Recommendation
Action: Coal burning in air
Cartoon, balancing chemical equations
Optional (Suggested)
iv.3 The reaction of sulfur with oxygen (1 60 minutes)
Tasks
Skills
Recommendation
Action: The reaction betwixt sulfur and oxygen
Analysing, balancing chemical equations, drawing, modeling
CAPS suggested
iv.iv Other not-metal oxides (0.5 hours)
This is an optional, extension department.
What happens when a non-metal and oxygen react?
What is the product called?
How should we write equations for the reactions of carbon and sulfur with oxygen?
Do all non-metals grade dioxides with oxygen?
Oxygen is all around us in the air we breathe. It is a very reactive chemical element. When an element is reactive, it means that it will readily react with many other substances. We saw evidence of the reactive nature of oxygen when nosotros observed how it reacted with iron and magnesium to form metal oxides.
Substances that are non reactive are called unreactive or inert.
When a substance reacts with oxygen, we say information technology oxidises. Information technology is called an oxidation reaction. Early chemists used the term oxidation for all reactions in which oxygen was a reactant. The definition of an oxidation reaction is broader and includes other reactions which yous will learn nearly in Gr. ten if you lot proceed with Physical Sciences.
In this affiliate nosotros await at a few reactions of non-metals with oxygen. Where do we find non-metals on the Periodic Table?
On the correct.
The full general reaction of non-metals with oxygen
reactive
inert
not-metal oxide
oxidise
When a non-metal burns in oxygen, a non-metal oxide forms every bit production. Here is the word equation for the general reaction:
non-metal + oxygen → non-metal oxide
Can you meet that it looks similar to the word equation for the reaction betwixt a metal and oxygen? The only difference is that the word 'metal' has been replaced with 'non-metallic' on both sides of the equation. Non-metal oxides accept different chemical properties to metal oxides. Nosotros will acquire more than about this later on in the term.
An important chemical divergence betwixt metallic and non-metallic oxides is that when metal oxides deliquesce in water, they form bones solutions and when non-metallic oxides dissolve in h2o, they class acidic solution.
Let'southward look at a few specific examples of reactions in which not-metals react with oxygen. The commencement i is one that yous are already familiar with, namely the reaction of carbon and oxygen.
The reaction of carbon with oxygen
fuel
fossil fuel
generate
non-renewable
renewable
alternative
Accept yous ever seen coal burning in air?
Coals called-for in a burn. http://www.flickr.com/photos/cote/66570391/
Coal is a form of carbon that is used as fuel for many different purposes. It is one of the master fossil fuels that humans employ to generate electricity for powering our industries, our activities and our living spaces. We will look at this in more item adjacent term in Energy and Change.
37% of the electricity generated worldwide is produced from coal.
A coal-powered power station. http://www.flickr.com/photos/thure/2549381513/
Learners should have encountered the topics coal, fossil fuels, renewable and non-renewable energy sources and electricity generation in previous grades (specifically in Gr 6 and seven Energy and Modify) and they will as well look at information technology again next term.
Coal burning in air
The energy in coal comes from the free energy stored in plants and other organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago. Over the millennia, layers of expressionless plants and other biological waste were covered by layers of water and soil. The heat and pressure from the top layers caused the plant remains to turn into energy-rich coal.
The free energy released by burning coal is used to generate electrical free energy in coal-powered power stations.
Coal is a form of carbon and when it burns in oxygen we can stand for the reaction with the following discussion equation:
carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide
Draw a pic equation for this reaction in the space below.
In the picture equation here, the black atoms are carbon (C) and the carmine atoms are oxygen (O). If learners do not take coloured pens or pencils, they tin can use patterns and shading to differentiate betwixt dissimilar atoms.
Convert the picture equation into a chemical equation. Is it balanced?
The chemical equation is C + O2 → CO2. This equation is already balanced.
What group is carbon in on the Periodic Table?
Grouping 14.
The other elements in the same group equally carbon will react in the same manner equally carbon with oxygen.
Since coal is a non-renewable energy source equally well as ane that causes pollution and other environmental problems, scientists and engineers continue to look for culling fuels and energy sources to somewhen supersede coal as an energy source. Can y'all think of the names of some culling, renewable free energy sources?
Air current energy, solar energy, biofuels, nuclear free energy (the latter is non strictly renewable). This content is non included in CAPS (every bit office of the Form 9 Thing and Materials requirements). The question has been included in an effort to create some relevance. The topic of chemical reactions is an abstract 1 and it oftentimes helps to provide some real-world applications to link it to other, less abstract including learners' own experience. This will also link to what learners will cover next term in Energy and Change.
In the next section, we are going to look at the formation of another, less well-known, non-metal oxide named sulfur dioxide. Which non-metallic exercise you think reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide? See if y'all tin can write downwards the formula for sulfur dioxide before we conduct on. Here is a hint: What does the di- in dioxide mean?
The not-metallic is Sulfur (Due south). To write the formula, you may demand to guide learners to realise there are two oxygen atoms in one molecule of sulfur dioxide: And then2
The reaction of sulfur with oxygen
toxic
preservative
What is the proper name of the product of the reaction between sulfur and oxygen? Utilise the name of the product and the general equation given at the start of the affiliate to complete the following word equation:
sulfur + oxygen →
The equation should read: sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
A video on sulfur burning in oxygen
Sulfur burns in oxygen to form sulfur dioxide. Your teacher will not demonstrate this reaction, because the sulfur dioxide that forms is a poisonous gas that you and your classmates should not exist exposed to.
Sulfur is a yellow substance and it burns with a blue flame in oxygen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulfur-sample.jpg Sulfur mining is very unsafe to the miners who inhale the toxic sulfur dioxide gas. http://www.flickr.com/photos/borderlys/4986300585/
A video (
Sulfur dioxide is sometimes used as a preservative for dried fruits, such as stale peaches and apricots and the guava rolls that so many of us beloved to swallow. The fact that it is toxic ways that very small quantities of it can be added to food to preserve it. In very small quantities SO2 does not permanently harm a large organism such equally a man being, simply leaner cannot survive when it is present. Sulfur dioxide is also an important preservative in many South African wines.
The archaic (very old) name for sulfur is 'brimstone'.
Dried fruit, such every bit apricots, are preserved with sulfur dioxide. http://world wide web.flickr.com/photos/itineranttightwad/3694711587/ Many South African wines are preserved with sulfur dioxide. http://www.flickr.com/photos/indyplanets/3397279830/
In the following activity nosotros are going to review give-and-take equations, picture equations and chemical equations, using the reaction between sulfur and oxygen every bit our context.
The reaction between sulfur and oxygen
You wrote the word equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen above. Did you write the following?
sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide
QUESTIONS:
What group is sulfur in on the Periodic Tabular array?
What are the reactants of this reaction? Write their names and formulae.
Sulfur (S) and oxygen (O2)
What is the production of the reaction? Write its name and formula.
At present, use the formulae of the reactants and products to write a chemical equation.
When is a reaction balanced?
When both sides of the reaction have the same number of the same types of atoms.
Is your reaction higher up balanced? Why do yous say so?
The reaction is balanced because it has the aforementioned number of S and O atoms on either side of the equation.
Depict a picture equation for the reaction, using the example of carbon in a higher place as guide.
The movie equation for the reaction is shown below. Colours are not important as long every bit all atoms of the aforementioned element accept the aforementioned color. In our example, the sulfur atoms are yellow and the oxygen atoms are red. Chemists take prove that the actual shape of the SO2 molecule is not linear; in other words, the atoms do non all lie in a straight line as they do in CO2. Rather, the SO2 molecule is believed to have a bent shape, as it appears in the motion picture equation. Since the explanation for this shape requires some understanding of bonding models, which are beyond the scope of this level of the curriculum, nosotros recommend that you do not 'become there', merely take 'linear' drawings of the So2 molecule equally correct.
Employ play dough or dirt to build models of the reactants and products of the reaction. This is what your starting reactants could wait like:
Provide play dough or modelling dirt for this part of the activity. You can too get learners to construct the equation by using sheets of white newspaper and cartoon a '+' and '\(\rightarrow{}\)
And then they must rearrange the atoms to course the production as shown hither:
You can also repeat this practice with the other reactions covered so far.
Challenge question: How many bonds were broken and how many bonds were formed during this reaction?
1 bond was broken (between the oxygen atoms) and ii bonds were formed (i between each of the oxygen atoms and the sulfur cantlet)
This is an extension question.
Other non-metal oxides
Important note: This is not required past CAPS only is offered as enrichment.
dioxide
systematic name
Y'all might not comprehend this section in class every bit information technology is an extension.
Nosotros have looked at two examples of non-metals reacting with oxygen to form non-metal oxides. Both of our examples had a dioxide as product (carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide). Do all not-metals class not-metal dioxides when they react with oxygen? What do you think?
Get learners to discuss this for a moment. You may desire to ask if water (HtwoO) is a non-metallic oxide. Point out that hydrogen (H) is a non-metal and that h2o should be a non-metal oxide. Is information technology a dioxide? No, because information technology contains only one oxygen. This is of import in highlighting how the non-metals in different groups react differently with oxygen.
Not all non-metal oxides are dioxides, equally the following examples show.
The reaction betwixt phosphorus and oxygen
Phosphorus is a very reactive not-metal. Tin you remember what reactive ways?
Inquire your learners this question to see what they tin call up. Compounds that are reactive will readily react with many other substances.
Video on phosphorus burning in oxygen
When phosphorus reacts with oxygen the chemical equation for the reaction is the post-obit:
4 P + 5 O2>→ ii PiiO5
How many phosphorus atoms are in P2O5? How many oxygen atoms are in P2O5?
There are 2 phosphorus and 5 oxygen atoms.
What is the systematic name of the product of this reaction? (If you are unsure how to name it, sneak a peek at the showtime chapter!)
Diphosphorus pentoxide
Can yous write a word equation for this reaction?
phosphorus + oxygen → diphosphorus pentoxide
Our final example is a compound that yous should exist very familiar with!
The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
Hydrogen and oxygen likewise react spectacularly. The reaction betwixt a big quantity of hydrogen and oxygen in the air produces a beautiful orange fireball and a very loud boom! (You tin sentry the video in the visit box to run into this in slow motion.)
A slow motion video of a hydrogen-filled airship exploding in air
Hither is a diagram to testify what is really happening to the compounds in this reaction. The purpose of the candle shown in the picture is to gear up the hydrogen gas debark, in other words: to provide enough energy for the reaction to start.
If you lot cull to demonstrate this in class, take note of the safe precautions. This is a very explosive reaction and anybody nowadays should article of clothing safety goggles.
Can you consummate the following chemical equation? The reaction is between hydrogen and oxygen. Write the production where it belongs.
2 H2+ O2→
2 H2 + O2 → 2 HtwoO. You tin also get learners to do rearranging the atoms with this equation, making sure they have a balanced equation.
What is the common name of the product of this reaction? What is the systematic name of the production of this reaction? (If you are unsure how to proper name information technology, sneak a peek at the first chapter!)
The common name is water and the systematic name is dihydrogen monoxide.
In 1937, a High german airship exploded and vicious to the ground in a huge fireball as the hydrogen gas which kept information technology floating ignited and reacted with the oxygen in the air. http://world wide web.flickr.com/photos/[electronic mail protected]/3415792966/
The reaction of hydrogen with oxygen (video)
In this chapter nosotros learnt near some of the reactions between non-metals and oxygen. Some of the skills that we practised during this chapter were: writing equations (word, motion-picture show and chemic equations) and naming compounds.
Summary
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides.
The non-metallic and oxygen gas (O2) are the reactants in this type of reaction, and a non-metallic oxide is the production.
The reactions of carbon and sulfur with oxygen are examples of non-metals reacting with oxygen.
Carbon and sulfur both form dioxides with oxygen, but this is non true of all non-metals.
Concept map
Complete the concept map below. What will you fill in for the products when the two dissimilar non-metals react with oxygen during combustion?
This is the completed concept map.
Revision questions
Make full in the missing words in these sentences. Write the word on the line below. [5 marks]
A substance that will react readily with many other substances is called a ____________ substance.
Substances that do not react with other substances and do not change into other compounds are called ____________ or ____________.
When a not-metal reacts with oxygen the product of the reaction is a ____________.
When a compound reacts with oxygen, we say it has become ____________.
reactive
unreactive or inert
non-metal oxide
oxidised
Write a short paragraph (three or more sentences) to explicate what you sympathize each of the post-obit terms to mean, in your own words. [3 x 3 = 9 marks]
Learner'southward paragraph should contain at to the lowest degree the following ideas:
The systematic proper noun of a compound is the proper name that is recognised by IUPAC.
IUPAC refers to the International Marriage of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The systematic name of whatever given chemical compound should be unique so that the compound cannot be confused with any other compound.
Learner's paragraph should contain at least the following ideas:
A preservative is a chemic compound that is added to a product (such every bit a foodstuff or a beverage) to make it last longer.
About preservatives are poisonous to microorganisms, but are added in such pocket-sized quantities that they are not harmful to humans.
And so2 is used as a preservative in many foods, including dried fruit and wine.
not-renewable energy source
Learner's paragraph should contain at least the following ideas:
Non-renewable energy sources refer to sources that can be used upwardly, such as fossil fuels.
Coal, oil and natural gas are examples of non-renewable fuels.
The energy in these energy sources comes from the energy stored in plants and other living organisms that were fossilised over millions of years.
For each of the following reactions, complete the tables by providing the missing equations.
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